Wargaming: The Legacy of Newport

Which element of the Naval War College interwar games was most responsible for the U.S. Navy’s eventual victory in the Pacific?

The exhaustive refinement of War Plan Orange and the focus on a trans-Pacific campaign.

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Testing the transition from battleship-centric doctrine to carrier-based aviation years before 1941.

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Cultivating the mental flexibility and decision-making skills of future leaders like Nimitz, Spruance, and Halsey.

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Forcing commanders to confront the “tyranny of distance” and the necessity of mobile base logistics.

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The freedom to lose on the game floor so that catastrophic mistakes weren't repeated in actual combat.

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