IP² Working Paper No. 14011 - President Obama and Congress have recommended major patent reforms based on the belief that the patent system allows patent holders to holdup the commercialization of complex technologies.

IP² Working Paper No. 14009 - The paper develops a comprehensive framework demonstrating that patents provide the foundation for the market for inventions.

IP² Working Paper No. 14007 - Compulsory licensing – which allows patents to be licensed without the consent of patent owners – is a prominent mechanism to improve access to essential innovations, such as medicines to combat HIV. 

Co-Author: Joerg Baten

Globalization of the Arctic and rapid climate change are presenting a host of challenges for the maritime Arctic of the United States, the key focus for this paper. New Arctic marine operations are evolving at a time when there are no mandatory or binding Arctic-specific International Maritime Organization (IMO) shipping rules and regulations. A new IMO Polar Code to be agreed upon by early 2015 will allow the United States to implement a number of key measures for protection of its Arctic coastal communities...